چکیده: Discusses the conversion of Iraq's tribes from Sunnism to Shiism. Rise of Najaf and Karbala as two strongholds of Shiism in the middle of the 18th century; Conversion of Arab tribes; Process and nature of conversion.

چکیده: Discusses the conversion of Iraq's tribes from Sunnism to Shiism. Rise of Najaf and Karbala as two strongholds of Shiism in the middle of the 18th century; Conversion of Arab tribes; Process and nature of conversion.