In the presence of the martyrs: the ʿalam in popular Shīʿī piety.

Abstract

In Shiite ritual and belief, the ʿalam, literally a “signpost” or “flag,” is universally revered, being the most important of object carried on Mụharram ritual processions. Conceived as a replica of the battle standard of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn, an ʿalam generally represents one of the martyrs of Karbal̄a, some member of the family of the Prophet, or one of the 12 imams (spiritual leaders). In India these pieces are an important presence in Shiite shrines or homes, as well as being a component of ritualized practice commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn and his followers. While some tension exists in the Shiite community lest these sacred objects be deified, there is a sense in which they transcend the boundary of simple symbolism, becoming an empowering presence for the community of believers.